Studies and references

All sources and scientific studies are collected on this page

Did you know that intensive training - especially in cold environments - can weaken your immune system in the short term? This can make you more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections.

🔎 Study: Nucleotides for the immune system

A study with elite athletes shows:
👉 After 30 days of nucleotide supplementation, athletes had more stable immune markers such as lymphocytes and salivary IgA.
👉 These markers are important because they protect your mucous membranes and enable a rapid immune response.
👉 Compared to the placebo group, the immune system recovered faster after hard training.

In short: nucleotides can support your immune system in stressful situations - especially when sport, cold and intensive training come together.

📚 Source: Riera J. et al, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2013).

Nucleotides were tested in studies with athletes - with the result: fewer stress reactions, more support during regeneration.

🔎 Study: Nucleotides in sport

👉 Nucleotides are natural building blocks of DNA and RNA. They accompany processes of cell renewal and energy supply - and can make a difference between overload and optimal recovery, especially in phases of high stress.
Study reference:
📚 Sterczala AJ, DuPont WH, Comstock BA, Flanagan SD. Physiological Effects of Nucleotide Supplementation on Resistance Exercise Stress in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(3):807-815. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001108

After stress, such as antibiotic treatment, the balance in the gut can become unbalanced, and researchers have observed that the supplementary intake of nucleotides in such phases can help to accompany and support the diversity of "good" bacteria.

🔎 Study: Nucleotide for intestinal health

👉 A study in Frontiers in Nutrition (2022) has shown that nucleotides - the natural building blocks of your DNA - can have a positive effect on the gut microbiome when added to your diet.

📚 Source: Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022 - "An Overlooked Prebiotic: Beneficial Effect of Dietary Nucleotides"

Research shows that metabolism and repair mechanisms change with age - and that the availability of nucleotides can also play a role in this.

🔎 Research: Results in the field of nucleotides and the immune system

👉 Your immune system protects you from viruses and bacteria every day. Antibodies, which specifically recognize and neutralize pathogens, play a key role in this.

👉 In order for cells to form antibodies, they need a crucial foundation: nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Without them, cell division, repair and the formation of new proteins would not be possible.

📚 Sources
- Targeting Aging and Longevity with Exogenous Nucleotides (PMC)
- Dietary nucleotide improves markers of immune response (PMC)
- Nucleotide supplementation: a randomised double-blind trial (PMC)

Dietary nucleotides: cellular immune, intestinal and hepatic system effects. Carver JD. J Nutr. 1994 Jan;124(1 Suppl):144S-148S. doi:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_1.144S. PMID: 8283305 Review.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8283305/

Effect of dietary nucleotideson immune function in Balb/C mice. Xu M, Zhao M, Yang R, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang J. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013Sep;17(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.032. Epub 2013 May 10. PMID:23669334

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23669334/

Effect of dietary nucleotideson response to bacterial infections. Kulkarni AD, Fanslow WC, Rudolph FB, Van Buren CT. JPEN J Parenter EnteralNutr. 1986 Mar-Apr;10(2):169-71. doi: 10.1177/0148607186010002169. PMID: 2421021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2421021/

Effect of dietary nucleotideson small intestinal repair after diarrhea. Histological and ultrastructuralchanges. Bueno J, Torres M, Almendros A, Carmona R, Nuñez MC,Rios A, Gil A. Gut. 1994 Jul;35(7):926-33. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.7.926. PMID: 8063220 Free PMC article.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8063220/

Dietary Nucleotides Retard Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Zhu N, Liu X, Xu M, Li Y. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 20;13(9):3279. doi:10.3390/nu13093279. PMID: 34579157 Free PMC article.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579157/

Why are dietary nucleotidesessential nutrients? Grimble GK. Br J Nutr. 1996Oct;76(4):475-8. doi: 10.1079/bjn19960056. PMID: 8942356 No abstract available.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8942356/

Nonimmune system responses todietary nucleotides. Uauy R. J Nutr. 1994 Jan;124(1 Suppl):157S-159S. doi:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_1.157S. PMID: 8283307 Review.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8283307/

Dietary nucleotides reversemalnutrition and starvation-induced immunosuppression. Pizzini RP, Kumar S, KulkarniAD, Rudolph FB, Van Buren CT. Arch Surg. 1990Jan;125(1):86-9; discussion 90. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410130092012.PMID: 1688491

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1688491/

 Davidson I, Fyfe I. A Randomized Double Placebo Controlled Trial of Nucleotide-Containing Supplement Nucell on Symptoms of Participants with the Common Cold - A Pilot Study. EC Nutrition. 2016;4.1:804-811.

Salobir J et al. Effect of nucleotide supplementation on lymphocyte DNA damage induced by dietary oxidative stress in pigs. British Society of Animal Science. 2005;81:135-140